Not truly partnerless: Non-residential partnerships and retreat from marriage in Spain

In Spain, nearly two-thirds of women aged 20-34 have not yet entered their first union. However, almost half of them have a stable partner in a different household. Hence, the drop in marriage rates and low prevalence of cohabitation cannot be rightly interpreted as a decline in partnership formation, but rather as a postponement of co-residential unions. This paper examines the prevalence and determinants of non-residential stable partnerships among young adults (women aged 20-34), in relation to cohabitation and marriage, using a multinomial logit model of current partnership type. The analysis is based on data from the 1999 Spanish Fertility Survey.cohabitation, LAT, partnerships, Spain, union formation

Is Latin America starting to retreat from early and universal childbearing?

The 2000 censuses show that the proportion of women below age 30 who are mothers has dropped substantially in most Latin America countries, suggesting that the social imperative of early motherhood, which has long prevailed in the region, is weakening. Surveys conducted in 14 Latin American countries in 2006 also show a strong link between childlessness and higher education across several cohorts. We discuss whether the recent increase in childlessness among young women reflects a shift towards later childbearing, a novel trend in the Latin American context, and also whether it may signal an emerging retreat from universal childbearing in the region.childlessness, fertility, first birth, Latin America

Ideals and norms related to fatherhood in Europe: A comparative perspective from the European Social Survey

Objective: This study explores cross-country similarities and differences in individuals' perceptions of the ideal age and pathways to become a father, focusing on five European countries: Germany, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the UK. Background: Empirical research analyzing family-related social norms and individuals' preferences is still scarce when compared to the abundant literature on family behavior, and especially so when focusing on men rather than women. This study attempts to mitigate this gap in the literature by focusing on ideals and norms related to fatherhood. Method: Using European Social Survey data from the most recent available round (2018/2019), descriptive and multivariate regression analyses are performed to examine: (a) the ideal age to become a father; and (b) approval of men's decision to never have children, to have a child outside marriage, and to keep working full-time when having small children. Results: Findings confirm signs of convergence across countries regarding the “normalization” of postponed fatherhood, as well as increased detachment from traditional attitudes. Differences between "forerunner" and "laggard" countries with regard to family-related norms and family change are visibly narrowing. However, the ideal age for fatherhood and the approval of non-traditional life course trajectories also reflect different incentives and possibilities for the establishment of new family models provided by the gender culture and the welfare regime in each country. Conclusion: Examining social norms regarding male reproductive decisions and the exercise of fatherhood from a comparative perspective is important for understanding men’s choices and the normative social framework potentially constraining them

The effect of education on women's propensity to be childless in Spain: Does the field of education matter?

This article investigates the relationship between educational attainment, in terms of both level and field of education, and the probability of being childless in Spain. Findings demonstrate that there is a significant difference in childlessness by education level among women aged 34-50, while this significance disappears when the analysis is not confined to older women but includes all women (aged 18-50) and is controlled for heterogeneity. In this latter case, childlessness has more to do with later childbearing among young women than with the accumulation of human capital. However, women educated in those studies concerned with the care of individuals and/or emphasizing interpersonal skills have a lower probability of being childless than women in other fields of study, irrespective of their education level, in both samples. In addition, the results show that childlessness, departure from education and union formation are jointly determined. Young women who want to be childfree or end up being childless stay in school for a longer period of time and postpone their union formation, whilst those with strong family/fertility intentions accelerate the three processes. I use data from the Spanish Family and Fertility Survey (1995) and apply event history models that take into account unobserved heterogeneity.childlessness, education, field of study, Spain

Childbearing within Marriage and Consensual Union in Latin America, 1980-2010

This article compares the fertility patterns of women in consensual union and marriage in 13 Latin American countries, using census microdata from the four most recent census rounds and a methodological approach that combines the own-children method and Poisson regression. Results show that in all these countries, fertility is slightly higher within consensual union than marriage and that the age pattern of fertility is very similar in marital and non-marital unions. Further analyses show that over the period considered, childbearing within a consensual union has passed from rare to increasingly common, although not yet mainstream, for highly educated women in most countries examined. Results show that in Latin America, at least since the 1980s, women’s childbearing patterns depend on their age and on their being in a conjugal relationship, but not on the legal nature of this relationship. The similarities in reproductive behavior between marital and non-marital unions are not confined to the socially disadvantaged groups, but apply as well to the better off.European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement 320116 for the research project FamiliesAndSocieties.Peer reviewe

Los másteres europeos: Espacios privilegiados para crecer en Trabajo Social

Este artículo se propone como un espacio donde interrelacionar reflexiones e inquietudes sobre los nuevos Masteres Oficiales en Trabajo Social, a partir de la experiencia generada, en calidad de alumnado, por la primera promoción del Posgrado Oficial Interuniversitario de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. El discurso elegido tiene como punto de partida la lucha que la disciplina abanderó años atrás por la Licenciatura, movida por el reconocimiento en el terreno universitario, para luego centrar la mirada en el logro recién estrenado de los Masteres oficiales, espacios que posibilitan, más allá del reconocimiento, la reflexión y el crecimiento de la disciplina de Trabajo Social. El interés en el nivel de Master abordará tanto la pretensión y el planteamiento europeo (la nueva configuración de créditos, la concepción de la labor del docente y discente, la renovación de metodologías didácticas, etc.) como su implantación en la realidad universitaria española. Es bueno pararse a tomar el pulso, analizar, evaluar y transmitir los primeros pasos de este proyecto prometedor, trasformando la propia subjetividad, de personas directamente implicadas con posibilidad de reflexión para potenciar y mejorar los aspectos que constituyen esta apuesta.This article proposes itself to be a space in which to relate reflections on and concerns about the new Official Masters in Social Work, drawn from the experience generated, as a student body, by the first graduating class of the Official Interuniversity Postgraduate Degree in Social Work of the Complutense University of Madrid. The discourse chosen takes as a starting point the fight that the discipline led some years ago for the Bachelors Degree motivated by the recognition in the university setting, to then to focus on the new achievement of the official Master’s, spaces that, beyond just recognition, make reflection on and the growth of the discipline of Social Work possible. The interest in the Master’s level springs from not only the European goal and approach (the new configuration of credits, the concept of the work of the teacher and student, the renewal of didactic methodologies, etc.) but also its insertion in the reality of the Spanish university. It is good to stop and take the pulse, to analyze, evaluate and transmit the first steps of this promising project, transforming the subjectivity of those who are directly involved with the possibility of reflection in order to promote and improve the aspects that constitute this wager

Comparación de dos métodos de extracción y detección cromatográfica de ácido tenuazónico a partir de muestras de tomate

Este trabajo evalúa dos métodos de detección cromatográfica y de extracción de ácido tenuazónico (AT) a partir de muestras de tomate. Para llevar a cabo la detección cromatográfica se comparó la utilización de una fase móvil binaria compuesta de acetonitrilo y tampón de fosfato a pH 3 con otra fase móvil compuesta por un gradiente de agua y acetonitrilo con ácido trifluoracético. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con la fase móvil de acetonitrilo y tampón de fosfato, con la que se observó un menor tiempo de retención (8,2 min frente a 23 min) y una mayor sensibilidad (límite de cuantificación de 1,5 μg/ml). Para la extracción y pre-purificación de AT a partir de muestras de tomate se utilizó un método de extracción en fase sólida y otro basado en extracción líquido-líquido con disolventes orgánicos. La extracción en fase sólida proporcionó un cromatograma libre de interferencias de la muestra en el tiempo de retención del AT con un límite de detección de 1 μg/g en muestras de tomate. Sin embargo el método de extracción líquido-líquido, además de ser más laborioso y emplear mayores cantidades de disolventes orgánicos, resultó inadecuado para la detección de AT debido a la co-extracción de otros compuestos de la muestra que interfieren con los resultados.This paper evaluates two methods of chromatographic detection and two methods of tenuazonic acid (TA) extraction from tomato paste. Chromatographic detection using a binary mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, at pH 3, was compared to a mobile phase consisting of a gradient of water and acetonitrile in presence of trifluoracetic acid. The best chromatographic results were obtained with the mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, which showed a lower retention time (8.2 min) and greater sensitivity (quantification limit of 1.5 μg/ml). TA extraction and clean-up from tomato samples was performed using either a solid phase extraction method or a defating and partitioning extraction method with organic solvents. Regarding TA extraction and clean-up, a clearer chromatogram was obtained using the solid phase extraction method, with a detection limit of 1 μg/g in tomato samples. However, the defating and partitioning extraction method, besides being cumbersome, had a low performance because of the co-extraction of components from the samples that made it difficult the chromatographic interpretation

Los blogs de moda: nuevos preservadores de los estereotipos de género de las revistas femeninas

En los últimos años los blogs han revolucionado el panorama mediático de la moda, convirtiéndose en auténticas guías de las tendencias de la pasarela. Hasta hace muy poco esta labor recaía casi exclusivamente en las revistas femeninas, especialmente en Vogue, publicación que también se conoce como la Biblia de la moda. Sin embargo, el escenario comenzó a cambiar en 2009, cuando los blogs de moda comenzaron a popularizarse. Estas bitácoras no profesionales, escritas por aficionados devotos de la moda, consiguieron extenderse muy rápidamente, debido sobre todo a la espontaneidad de los bloggers, que hicieron de las tendencias de la calle (el street style) y de las personas anónimas, los nuevos protagonistas del estilismo en el vestir. El blog de moda pasó a ser parte del mundo femenino, guiado por personas anónimas que, de pronto, pasaron a convertirse en las blogueras más influyentes del planeta. Se trata de mujeres anónimas que alcanzaron la fama escribiendo en sus blogs y asistiendo a eventos de moda. Gracias a la rapidez y a la repercusión de las redes sociales, en poco tiempo dejaron de ser sólo blogueras para convertirse en it girls. Desde su nuevo status, comenzaron a patrocinar productos, marcas, asesorar o, incluso, diseñar prendas para firmas de ropa. El triunfo de esas mujeres y la influencia que ejercen en sus seguidoras, son hechos que han sido percibidos desde los medios de comunicación, la moda y los investigadores en la materia, como la ruptura con los tradicionales estereotipos femeninos, como el triunfo de la mujer real. Se trata de mujeres que no estás limitadas a la talla 36, que no responden a los cánones de belleza impuestos por la publicidad ni a ningún tipo de molde, pues cada una de esas blogueras es como cualquier mujer..

La Universidad tras el proceso de Bolonia: ¿una Universidad reformada o una Universidad necesitada de reforma?

[ReSumen]: El Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) ha supuesto un cambio radical de las universidades en todos sus aspectos (sociales, políticos y económicos). Esos cambios han sido potenciados y diseñados por los poderes públicos, en buena parte al margen de los problemas e inquietudes de la Comunidad Universitaria. El resultado final es un sistema en el que se ha dado una mayor importancia a lo económico y mercantil, reduciendo quizás en exceso otros aspectos como el formativo o social. Se postula, por tanto, que la reforma de la educación superior lejos de verse culminada debe seguir adelante, debiéndose enjuiciar, entre otras cosas, el acierto de alguno de los cambios y concepciones tomadas en el EEES.[Abstract:] The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) has brought about a radical change in its universities’ social, political and economic aspects. These changes have been promoted and designed by the government, largely disregarding the issues and concerns of the University Community. The end result is a system in which greater importance has been given to the economic and commercial issues, drastically reducing, perhaps, other important aspects such as the educational or social. We propose, therefore, that the reform of higher education, far from being culminated, must go ahead, but we should assess, among other things, the success of some of the changes and concepts taken in the EHEA